49 results
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Morale in the English mental health workforce: questionnaire survey
- Sonia Johnson, David P. J. Osborn, Ricardo Araya, Elizabeth Wearn, Moli Paul, Mai Stafford, Nigel Wellman, Fiona Nolan, Helen Killaspy, Brynmor Lloyd-Evans, Emma Anderson, Stephen J. Wood
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 201 / Issue 3 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 239-246
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- September 2012
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Background
High-quality evidence on morale in the mental health workforce is lacking.
AimsTo describe staff well-being and satisfaction in a multicentre UK National Health Service (NHS) sample and explore associated factors.
MethodA questionnaire-based survey (n = 2258) was conducted in 100 wards and 36 community teams in England. Measures included a set of frequently used indicators of staff morale, and measures of perceived job characteristics based on Karasek's demand–control–support model.
ResultsStaff well-being and job satisfaction were fairly good on most indicators, but emotional exhaustion was high among acute general ward and community mental health team (CMHT) staff and among social workers. Most morale indicators were moderately but significantly intercorrelated. Principal components analysis yielded two components, one appearing to reflect emotional strain, the other positive engagement with work. In multilevel regression analyses factors associated with greater emotional strain included working in a CMHT or psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU), high job demands, low autonomy, limited support from managers and colleagues, age under 45 years and junior grade. Greater positive engagement was associated with high job demands, autonomy and support from managers and colleagues, Black or Asian ethnic group, being a psychiatrist or service manager and shorter length of service.
ConclusionsPotential foci for interventions to increase morale include CMHTs, PICUs and general acute wards. The explanatory value of the demand–support–control model was confirmed, but job characteristics did not fully explain differences in morale indicators across service types and professions.
An Open Trial in the NHS of Blues Begone®: A New Home Based Computerized CBT Program
- David G. Purves, Mary Bennett, Nigel Wellman
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- Journal:
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 37 / Issue 5 / October 2009
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- 25 August 2009, pp. 541-551
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- October 2009
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Background: Computer based treatment for depression and anxiety has been available for several years and has demonstrated useful clinical effects. Most existing computerized CBT products in the UK that are designed to treat depression and co-morbid anxiety require patients to visit a clinic and require staff input to manage the process. Such intervention adds to the costs and bottlenecks in delivering a clinically effective treatment with mass availability. Internet treatment options are becoming more readily available, although data to support use are not yet strong, and most still require human assessment and telephone support. Blues Begone® is a new computerized CBT program that has been designed to be used at home with minimal human support. Method: This pilot project provides data from an open trial of Blues Begone® with both primary and secondary care patients. Results: One hundred patients started Blues Begone®, 58 completed the program, 72% (n = 42) of completers achieved reliable change and (n = 36) 62% achieved both reliable and clinically significant change, and may be considered to have recovered by the end of the program. Conclusion: These data provide the first demonstration of the potential viability of Blues Begone® as a home based computerized treatment for depression and anxiety.
Contributors
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- By Graham Allan, Donna M. Allen, Irwin Altman, Arthur Aron, Donald H. Baucom, Steven R. H. Beach, Ellen Berscheid, Rosemary Blieszner, Jeffrey Boase, Tyfany M. J. Boettcher, Barbara B. Brown, Abraham P. Buunk, Lorne Campbell, Daniel J. Canary, Rodney Cate, John P. Caughlin, Mahnaz Charania, Jennie Y. Chen, F. Scott Christopher, Jennifer A. Clarke, Marilyn Coleman, W. Andrew Collins, Michael K. Coolsen, Nathan R. Cottle, Carolyn E. Cutrona, Marianne Dainton, Valerian J. Derlega, Lisa M. Diamond, Pieternel Dijkstra, Steve Duck, Pearl A. Dykstra, Norman B. Epstein, Beverley Fehr, Frank D. Fincham, Helen E. Fisher, Julie Fitness, Garth J. O. Fletcher, Myron D. Friesen, Lawrence Ganong, Kelli A. Gardner, Jenny de Jong Gierveld, Robin Goodwin, Christine R. Gray, Kathryn Greene, David W. Harris, Willard W. Hartup, John H. Harvey, Kathi L. Heffner, Ted L. Huston, William J. Ickes, Emily A. Impett, Michael P. Johnson, Deborah J. Jones, Deborah A. Kashy, Janice K. Kiecolt‐Glaser, Jeffrey L. Kirchner, Brighid M. Kleinman, Galena H. Kline, Mark L. Knapp, Ascan Koerner, Jean‐Philippe Laurenceau, Kim Leon, Timothy J. Loving, Stephanie D. Madsen, Howard J. Markman, Alicia Mathews, Mario Mikulincer, Patricia Noller, Nickola C. Overall, Letitia Anne Peplau, Daniel Perlman, Sally Planalp, Urmila Pillay, Nicole D. Pleasant, Caryl E. Rusbult, Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason, Phillip R. Shaver, Alan L. Sillars, Jeffry A. Simpson, Susan Sprecher, Susan Stanton, Greg Strong, Catherine A. Surra, Anita L. Vangelisti, C. Arthur VanLear, Theo van Tilburg, Barry Wellman, Amy Wenzel, Carol M. Werner, Adam R. West, Sarah W. Whitton, Heike A. Winterheld
- Edited by Anita L. Vangelisti, University of Texas, Austin, Daniel Perlman, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships
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- 05 June 2012
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- 05 June 2006, pp xvii-xxii
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EMBEDDING THE COLOR LINE: The Accumulation of Racial Advantage and the Disaccumulation of Opportunity in Post-Civil Rights America
- Michael K. Brown, David Wellman
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- Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race / Volume 2 / Issue 2 / September 2005
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- 26 April 2006, pp. 187-207
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This article investigates why deeply entrenched racial inequality persists into the post-civil rights era in the United States. It challenges individual-level explanations that assume persistent racial inequality is the result of either White bigotry, which is diminishing, or the failure of Blacks to take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the civil rights legislation of the 1960s. We propose an alternative explanation for durable racial inequality. Contemporary color lines, we argue, result from the cumulative effect of racial discrimination and exclusion, a process in which Whites accumulate racial advantages to the detriment of African Americans and Latinos. These cumulative inequalities are produced and sustained by competition between racial groups to acquire and control jobs and other resources, and by institutional practices and public policies. Individual choice in the form of intentional racism has little to do with the persistence of racial inequality. Our analysis suggests that Americans' current understanding of the concept of equality of opportunity is out of sync with the realities of durable racial inequality, and needs to be revised.
Developmental foundations of externalizing problems in young children: The role of effortful control
- SHERYL L. OLSON, ARNOLD J. SAMEROFF, DAVID C. R. KERR, NESTOR L. LOPEZ, HENRY M. WELLMAN
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- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 17 / Issue 1 / March 2005
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- 07 April 2005, pp. 25-45
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Examined associations between effortful control temperament and externalizing problems in 220 3-year-old boys and girls, controlling for co-occurring cognitive and social risk factors. We also considered possible additive and/or interactive contributions of child dispositional anger and psychosocial adversity, and whether relations between effortful control and early externalizing problems were moderated by child gender. Individual differences in children's effortful control abilities, assessed using behavioral and parent rating measures, were negatively associated with child externalizing problems reported by mothers, fathers, and preschool teachers. These associations were not overshadowed by other cognitive or social risk factors, or by other relevant child temperament traits such as proneness to irritability. Further analyses revealed that associations between externalizing problem behavior and effortful control were specific to components of child problem behavior indexing impulsive-inattentive symptoms. Thus, children's effortful control skills were important correlates of children's early disruptive behavior, a finding that may provide insight into the developmental origins of chronic behavioral maladjustment.
This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (RO1MH57489) to Sheryl Olson and Arnold Sameroff. We are very grateful to the children, parents, teachers, and preschool administrators who participated, and to the many individuals who gave us invaluable help with data collection and coding, especially Gail Benninghoff, Meribeth Gandy Pezda, Lisa Alvarez, Sara Miceli, and Felicia Kleinberg. We also thank the administrators of the University of Michigan Children's Center for their generous assistance, Grazyna Kochanska for allowing us to use her behavioral battery of effortful control tasks, Kathy Murray for helping us with numerous details concerning the behavioral battery, and Mary Rothbart, Jack Bates, Patricia Kerig, and Thomas Power for allowing us to use their parent self-report measures.
Reduced latent inhibition in people with schizophrenia: an effect of psychosis or of its treatment
- Jonathan H. Williams, Nigel A. Wellman, David P. Geaney, Philip J. Cowen, Joram Feldon, J. N. P. Rawlins
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 172 / Issue 3 / March 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 243-249
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- March 1998
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Background
People with schizophrenia show impaired attention. This could result from reduced latent inhibition (a measure of ability to filter out irrelevant stimuli). Previous studies have found reduced auditory latent inhibition in people with acute schizophrenia: we tested whether this results from psychosis or from drug treatment.
MethodWe measured auditory latent inhibition in two studies. One compared antipsychotic-naive people with acute schizophrenia with patients within two weeks of starting antipsychotic treatment. The second compared healthy volunteers given either saline or 1.0 mg haloperidol, intravenously.
ResultsLatent inhibition was absent in treated patients, but was clearly present in patients who were naive to antipsychotics. Latent inhibition was absent in volunteers given haloperidol, but was clearly present in those given saline.
ConclusionsThe reduced auditory latent inhibition seen in acute schizophrenia is more plausibly due to antipsychotic treatment than to the disorder. Unless neuropsychological models of schizophrenia incorporate evidence from drug-free patients and drug-treated healthy controls, they may be invalid.
Name index
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 351-353
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Preface
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp xi-xvii
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Summary
THIS is not another sad tale about the demise of radical labor in America. It is not the story of how America's premiere militant union was defeated by bureaucrats, corporate liberals, collective bargains, or postindustrial technology. Quite the contrary. It tells a story of workers who currently and regularly fight with their employers over control of the workplace even though their union contract has officially settled the issue.
This is also not the story of an exceptional or “deviant” union, which, because of charismatic leadership and communist influence, was able to do what no other American union has done. The people in this book do not think of themselves as radical or politically “conscious.” Left-wing organizers are not the leading players in this story. The major characters are typical American workers.
Finally, this book is not about extraordinary moments in history, those unanticipated explosions that reveal transcripts of resistance that would otherwise remain hidden. Rather, the story is located in routine settings, accepted union practices, and class conflict in institutional settings.
The story this book tells obviously does not follow what has become a traditional labor history narrative. Instead of beginning with might have been and asking why it did not, this book starts with what was and asks, what actually happened? Rather than looking for the operating rules of class relations in the contract, it locates them in the tensions generated between informally negotiated work practices and formally agreed-upon contractual provisions.
12 - By whose principles will merit be rewarded?
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 242-252
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EXCEPT for the people affected directly, disputes over pay and promotion are rarely viewed as deep disagreements between employers and unions. Rather, they are considered expressions of greedy, narrow-minded, self-interested economics, examples of the “mere” in Gompers's “mere economism.” But regardless of how much importance is attributed, or not attributed, to monetary differences, most of labor's observers agree that the issue in these disputes is not workplace control. In fact, it is often assumed that labor's right to make financial claims is its reward for relinquishing control over the workplace.
A different understanding emerges, however, when one observes disputes over pay and promotion in settings of their most routine occurrence: in negotiations defining a fair day's pay, choosing supervision, and determining skill. In this context, the two sides argue about the grounds for promotion and the bases for salary differentiation. These arguments reveal a third front in the battle over workplace control. The two sides disagree over principles for acknowledging merit. The issue is hardly narrow or merely economic. The gap between the union and management is as wide as the differences are deep. The dispute is, whose principles for promotion and pay will prevail?
HOW MUCH MONEY? FAIRNESS VERSUS HIERARCHY AS PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING PAY
When the two sides talk about wage scales during contract negotiations, it becomes clear that pay disputes extend beyond money. As local negotiations were concluding, the PMA and IEWU representatives remained deadlocked over a wage rate for gearmen.
11 - Which side's language shall govern?
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 225-241
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IMPORTANT as it may be, the struggle over how to work is only one front in a larger battle for control of the waterfront. Formulating and interpreting contractual language is another theater in this war. Despite fifty years of collective bargaining, and almost thirty years after the M&M Agreements were signed, the differences between Local 10 and the PMA are so deep that the two sides operate with different vocabularies; they do not even agree on the very language specifying the terms of their cooperation. When the collective agreement is being formulated, they battle over whose language will be used; when it is signed, the struggle continues, and the issue becomes whose understanding of the contract will prevail? Thus, even though they live by the same contractual language, they battle over the naming of disputed activities. These disagreements surface in two contexts: in contract negotiations, where contractual language is constructed; and in the grievance machinery, where operating definitions of disputed activities are contested.
“TRYING TO COME UP WITH LANGUAGE WE CAN BOTH LIVE WITH”: WORDING CONTRACTS
Negotiations are set up to try to get rid of problems. You've got certain problems, we've got certain problems. You've got certain things that stick in your craw, we've got certain things that stick in ours. You've got certain things you can't live with, we've got certain things we can't live with. What we're trying to do in negotiations is to get language on issues that we can both live with. We're trying to come up with language that we can both live with in this situation.
PART I - LABOR RADICALISM REVISITED
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 1-2
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Contents
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp ix-x
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References
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 339-350
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3 - A framework for American unionism
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 35-48
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Summary
A more complete and complicated framework is needed to assess American unionism, one that distinguishes between formal and informal rules; between stated principles and routine practices; between political principles and the politics of everyday life; between ideological politics and actual contractual relations. An expanded conception of politics is needed, one that includes struggles over power, not just ideology; that includes battles waged on multiple fronts, on informal as well as formal terrain, and argues in colloquial as well as ideological languages, “politics” in the same sense that Big Bill Haywood meant syndicalism was socialist: “with its working clothes on.” Another method for assessing the state of class relations is necessary, one that does not locate the operating rules of class relations in the contract, but rather in the work process and grievance machinery; one that looks for the actual rules governing class encounters in tensions between practices negotiated informally at work and contractual provisions formally agreed upon at the bargaining table. Needed too, is a new framework for assessing the early CIO's accomplishments. If socialism wasn't on the national agenda, what was the “something special” that happened in the 1930s?
A NEW YARDSTICK FOR AMERICAN LABOR RADICALISM
Since neither socialism nor working-class consciousness as defined by a priori socialist expectations was on the 1930s agenda, the question asked of American labor movements should not be why no socialism. Rather, it should be, what did the CIO actually accomplish?
10 - Who decides how to work?
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 205-224
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Summary
ILWU longshoremen have always used two weapons to challenge management's control over the docks. One is their working knowhow: the cultural and technical knowledge analyzed in the last three chapters that is necessary to do autonomous work and, when appropriate, is used to resist management's efforts to direct that work. The other is the contract, a document that contains procedures for redressing grievances. Sometimes differences cannot be settled informally on the docks; either an accommodation is impossible, or longshoremen refuse to work around a problem. When this happens, disagreements over how to work move from the waterfront to contract negotiations or the grievance machinery. Over the past fifty years, then, including the post-M&M period, the ILWU has consistently waged a struggle for job control on two fronts: informally, on the docks; and contractually, in the grievance machinery. The question of workplace regime has never been settled. It was not settled when the first contract was signed in 1934, and it was not settled with the M&M Agreements in the 1960s. The current disagreement between the ILWU and PMA, moreover, is remarkably similar to the one that divided the two sides in the 1930s. The issue is still who will control the dockside workplace? And, as in the past, it is frequently disputed on contractual terrain where both sides can use the contract as a weapon.
PART IV - WAGING THE BATTLE FOR WORKPLACE CONTROL ON CONTRACTUAL TERRAIN
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- Book:
- The Union Makes Us Strong
- Published online:
- 11 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 August 1995, pp 201-204
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Summary
IT could be argued that longshoremen's objections to the language of command, their active defense of personhood and integrity, their willingness to impose codes of conduct and enforce standards for accountability are examples of radicalism driven underground. Like wildcat strikes and other sorts of insubordination, they could be considered versions of phantom unionism, “weapons of the weak” in James Scott's terms (1985, 1990). Although they are potential sources of power, it could be said, they do not amount to actual institutional or organizational power. Thus, these acts of resistance would not undermine the theories of labor's demise. Longshoremen, it might be argued, like other American workers, are unable to challenge management's authority contractually, and in this respect, the issue of shopfloor regime has been essentially settled. Like other American unions, it might be said, the IIWU has signed agreements with employers that formally grant management control over the work process. The battle for workplace control has, therefore, for all intents and purposes, ended; and, in the strict sense of the term, class conflict has been replaced by various forms of class cooperation.
The M&M Agreements could be read to confirm this view. They apparently did to the IIWU in the 1960s what earlier contracts had done to the CIO in the late 1930s. The agreements undermined longshoremen's ability to effectively dispute management's rule on the docks. According to the terms of the M&Ms, the IEWU agreed to eliminate restrictive work rules and permit employers to introduce more efficient work practices.
The Union Makes Us Strong
- Radical Unionism on the San Francisco Waterfront
- David Wellman
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- Published online:
- 11 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 August 1995
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American labour history is typically interpreted by scholars as a history of defeat. Hidden by this conventional wisdom are a handful of militant unions that did not follow the putative Congress of Industrial Organizations trajectory. Based on three years of ethnographic research, this book examines a union that organised itself to systematically challenge management's rule on the shopfloor: San Francisco's longshore union. American unionism looks quite different than conventional wisdom suggests when everyday union practices are observed. American labour's trajectory, this book argues, is neither inevitable nor determined; militant, democratic forms of unionism are possible in the United States; and collective bargaining does not automatically eliminate contests for workplace control. The contract is a bargain that reflects and reproduces fundamental disagreement; it states how production and conflict will proceed.
Subject index
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- Book:
- The Union Makes Us Strong
- Published online:
- 11 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 August 1995, pp 354-364
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8 - Work, knowledge, and control: Containerized longshoring
- David Wellman, University of California, Santa Cruz
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- Book:
- The Union Makes Us Strong
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- 11 November 2009
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- 03 August 1995, pp 159-177
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Summary
WHEN a freighter loaded with Hawaii-bound containers left San Francisco's Matson docks early one June morning in 1958, most people had no idea what would happen to longshoring in the wake of that sailing. Moving along the waterfront like a tornado through a town, the container transforms everything it touches. Truck trailers have been replaced by vans that sit on interchangeable chassis. Railroad boxcars have given way to flatcars that carry only containers. Ships the size of aircraft carriers, which only transport containers, have taken over for tramp steamers carrying general cargo.
Even the waterfront's landscape has been transformed. Continental railheads used to end miles from the docks; an overland highway connected rail and sea. Now trucks, trains and ships begin and end their journeys within sound, and, in some instances, sight of each other. The ribbons of railroad end abruptly at the coast where they are connected to rows of warehouses framed by a skyline of cranes. For a moment at least, the various components of the transportation industry come together.
The contrast between containerized and conventional longshoring is dramatic. Conventional longshoring is concentrated. It is restricted to piers. The piers occupy five to seven acres of land. Like fingers on a hand, they extend offshore and connect cities to ships. In comparison, modern container facilities are scattered throughout a port area. They require fifty to one hundred acres of land.